rough

• adj. 粗糙的；粗略的；粗野的；艰苦的；未经加工的
• vt. 使粗糙；粗暴对待；草拟
• n. 艰苦；高低不平的地面；未经加工的材料；粗糙的部分
• vi. 举止粗野
• adv. 粗糙地；粗略地；粗暴地
• n. (Rough)人名；(英)拉夫

来自古英语 ruh,粗糙的，粗布的，多毛的，来自 Proto-Germanic*rukhaz,碎裂的，来自 PIE*reue, 粉碎，碎开，敲击，词源同 ruin,rag.引申诸相关词义。

rough

rough: [OE] Rough goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic *rūkhwaz, which also produced German rauh and Dutch ruw. Despite the similarity of form and sense, ruffian is not related, and there is no evidence that ruffle is either.

rough (n.)

c. 1200, "broken ground," from rough (adj.). Meaning "a rowdy" is first attested 1837. Specific sense in golf is from 1901. Phrase in the rough "in an unfinished or unprocessed condition" (of timber, etc.) is from 1819.

rough (adj.)

Old English ruh "rough, coarse (of cloth); hairy, shaggy; untrimmed, uncultivated," from West Germanic *rukhwaz "shaggy, hairy, rough" (cognates: Middle Dutch ruuch, Dutch ruig, Old High German ruher, German rauh), from Proto-Germanic *rukhaz, from PIE *reue- (2) "to smash, knock down, tear out, dig up" (cognates: Sanskrit ruksah "rough;" Latin ruga "wrinkle," ruere "to rush, fall violently, collapse," ruina "a collapse;" Lithuanian raukas "wrinkle," rukti "to shrink").

The original -gh- sound was guttural, as in Scottish loch. Sense of "approximate" is first recorded c. 1600. Of places, "riotous, disorderly, characterized by violent action," 1863. Rough draft is from 1690s. Rough-and-ready is from 1810, originally military; rough-and-tumble (1810) is from a style of free-fighting.

rough (v.)

late 15c., from rough (adj.). Related: Roughed; roughing. Phrase rough it "submit to hardships" (1768) is originally nautical:

To lie rough; to lie all night in one's clothes: called also roughing it. Likewise to sleep on the bare deck of a ship, when the person is commonly advised to chuse the softest plank. [Grose, "Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue," 1788]

To rough out "shape or plan approximately" is from 1770. To rough up "make rough" is from 1763. To rough (someone) up "beat up, jostle violently" is from 1868. The U.S. football penalty roughing was originally a term from boxing (1866).

1. The company I work for went through a rough patch.

我所在的公司经历了一段困难时期。

来自柯林斯例句

2. She passed the needle through the rough cloth, back and forth.

她一针一针地缝那块粗布。

来自柯林斯例句

3. A fishing vessel and a cargo ship collided in rough seas.

一艘捕鱼船和一艘货船在波涛汹涌的海上相撞了。

来自柯林斯例句

4. All women have a rough time in our society.

在我们的社会中，所有女性的日子都不好过。

来自柯林斯例句

5. His hands were rough and calloused, from years of karate practice.

由于多年练习空手道，他的双手粗糙不平，布满老茧。

来自柯林斯例句